![]() ![]() R-process enrichment from a single event in an ancient dwarf galaxy. High-entropy ejections from magnetized proto-neutron star winds: implications for heavy element nucleosynthesis. Magnetic protoneutron star winds and r-process nucleosynthesis. PUSHing core-collapse supernovae to explosions in spherical symmetry. Charged-current weak interaction processes in hot and dense matter and its impact on the spectra of neutrinos emitted from protoneutron star cooling. Martínez-Pinedo, G., Fischer, T., Lohs, A. Medium modification of the charged-current neutrino opacity and its implications. The physics of proto-neutron star winds: implications for r-process nucleosynthesis. Nucleosynthesis in neutrino-driven winds. ![]() Nucleosynthesis in neutrino-driven winds from protoneutron stars II. The r-process and neutrino-heated supernova ejecta. Rapid neutron capture in supernova explosions. Hydrodynamic evolution and gravitational-wave emission. Coalescing neutron stars – a step towards physical models. Initial results for coalescence of noncorotating systems. Nucleosynthesis, neutrino bursts and γ-rays from coalescing neutron stars. Neutron star collisions and the r-process. Origin of the heaviest elements: the rapid neutron-capture process. What are the astrophysical sites for the r-process and the production of heavy elements? Prog. The Dawes Review 2: nucleosynthesis and stellar yields of low- and intermediate-mass single stars. The s process: nuclear physics, stellar models, and observations. Nucleosynthesis in asymptotic giant branch stars: relevance for galactic enrichment and solar system formation. Spectroscopic observations of stars of class S. Production and evolution of Li, Be, and B isotopes in the Galaxy. Nucleosynthesis in stars and the chemical enrichment of galaxies. Precision big bang nucleosynthesis with improved helium-4 predictions. Big bang nucleosynthesis: present status. Open questions, challenges, opportunities and new directions for multi-messenger astronomy and r-process nucleosynthesis are charted.Ĭyburt, R. Important constraints on the astrophysical sites of r-process nucleosynthesis are derived from observations of chemical evolution of galaxies, in particular, from observed elemental abundance patterns of metal-poor stars. Many open questions exist regarding the contribution of mergers of neutron stars and black holes and rare types of supernovae (magnetorotational supernovae and collapsars) to the galactic r-process. Multi-messenger observations such as gravitational waves from neutron-star mergers combined with electromagnetic counterparts have transformed observational astronomy in the past 5 years and directly probe the synthesis of heavy elements (‘kilonovae’).īased on recent observations, this Review conjectures that most of the heavy rapid neutron-capture (r-process) elements may be formed in winds from dense accretion discs, such as those that form in the aftermath of neutron-star mergers or in rare supernovae. ![]() The astrophysical origin of roughly half of the elements heavier than iron remains an open question. These include insights into rapid neutron-capture (r-process) nucleosynthesis in neutron-star mergers and other astrophysical sites, such as collapsars and magnetorotational supernovae, with implications for nuclear (astro)physics more broadly, fundamental physics in compact astrophysical systems, as well as chemical evolution of galaxies. It provides a preview of the open questions that these observations raise and on future opportunities for both theory and observations. This Review reflects on recent observational surprises and speculates on their implications. A few years into the new era of multi-messenger astronomy, following Advanced Laser Interferometer Gravitational-Wave Observatory (LIGO)’s, Virgo’s and Kagra’s third observation run, there is strong evidence for the detection of mergers of two neutron stars and of neutron stars and black holes. Together with ground and space electromagnetic observatories, they have provided key insights into the long-standing question of how the heavy elements in the periodic table are synthesized. Gravitational-wave detectors have transformed the way we observe the Universe. ![]()
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